![]() ![]() ![]() Scattering angles observed by various satellites for θ 0 < 82°, θ < 70°.įig. In the lower panels, parameters for solid lines are A: T c = 281 K, r e = 8 μm B: T c = 281 K, r e = 12 μm C: T s = 285 K, T c = 256 K, D e = 30 μm D: T s = 281 K, T c = 256 K, D e = 30 μm for dashed line- T s = 292 K, T c = 256 K, D e = 30 μm.Ĭontrail cloudiness over the coast of Virginia observed with NOAA-12 AVHRR 1-km data at 1214 UTC 26 September 1996.Ĭirrus clouds over ARM Southern Great Plains central facility observed with GOES-8 4-km data at 0145 UTC 15 April 1995. Multilevel cirrus and stratocumulus clouds east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, observed with NOAA-14 AVHRR 1-km data at 1848 UTC 16 January 1997. 17 except for stratus clouds as indicated in bottom of Fig. The average ice-crystal rms error is less than 3% for all of the satellite cases.Ĭirrus clouds over the Coral Sea observed with NOAA-11 AVHRR 4-km data at 0511 UTC 17 January 1993. Spherical albedo as a function of water path for model clouds. Thin lines indicate extreme errors thick lines denote means at a given scattering angle. Reflectance errors relative to AD calculations due to interpolation of model lookup tables. Here, Ch3′ refers to errors for emittances less than 1 only.īrightness temperature differences from parameterizations for T s = 295 K, T c = 260 K, τ < 16, and θ = 30°. Variation of effective emittance with clear-cloud temperature difference from adding–doubling model calculations for r e = 6 μm.Įmittance parameterization errors. Įffective emittances for all calculations at r e = 6 μm and a regression fit of ε = 1 − exp. Solar zenith angle dependence of cloud albedo at λ = 3.75 μm.ĭiffuse albedos for model clouds at λ = 0.65 μm.ĭiffuse albedo for model clouds at λ = 3.75 μm. Solar zenith angle dependence of cloud albedo at λ = 0.65 μm. Theoretical Mie scattering phase functions for modified gamma distributions of water droplets at (a) λ = 0.65 μm and (b) λ = 3.75 μm.Īnisotropic reflectance factors for λ = 0.65 μm, μ o = 0.65, and τ = 1.0. Scattering phase function for three different ice cloud models (forward scattering maxima have been clipped) for (a) λ = 0.65 μm and (b) λ = 3.75 μm. Ice-crystal distributions developed for a new contrail (NCON), an older contrail (CON), and a large-particle cirrus (LPC) cloud. Filter functions for GOES-8 (dashed) and AVHRR (solid) (a) visible and solar–infrared channels, and (b) split-window channels in the thermal infrared spectrum. ![]()
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